Correction and Retraction Policy

When errors or ethical concerns are identified in published articles, the editorial team will take corrective measures in accordance with COPE guidelines. These measures may include the publication of a correction notice, expression of concern, or retraction.

Corrections

Corrections will be issued when:

• Minor errors that do not affect the overall findings (e.g., typographical errors, author affiliation updates).
• Errors in data, figures, or references that require clarification but do not invalidate the main results.
• Misattributed authorship or incomplete acknowledgment.

Retractions

Retractions will be considered in cases of:

• Plagiarism or copyright infringement.
• Fabrication or falsification of data.
• Redundant or duplicate publication.
• Severe ethical violations or undisclosed conflicts of interest.

A retraction notice will clearly state the reasons for the retraction and will remain accessible to ensure the integrity of the academic record.

Expressions of Concern

If an investigation is inconclusive but raises serious concerns about the reliability or integrity of the work, the journal may issue an Expression of Concern until further clarification is available.